Two versions of the Massacre of the Innocents after Raphael have often been given to Marcantonio, one with a "fir tree" (B. 18), an one without (B. 20). But both stylistic and technical evidence suggest that Marcantonio engraved only the second. This engraving also must be early, for it resembles Marcantonio's early pre-Roman work more than his other engravings after Raphael, making it the first work designed by Raphael to be engraved. Iconographically, this image bridges ancient Jerusalem and Raphael's Rome.